What are the various ecological issues that are affecting the mankind today? Illustrate with an example of ongoing movements for the protection of ecology in India.

Ecological issues pose significant challenges to mankind, impacting ecosystems, biodiversity, and the overall health of the planet. Several pressing environmental concerns affect various regions, including India. Here, we will explore some key ecological issues and highlight ongoing movements for environmental protection in India.

1. Climate Change:**

• Issue: Climate change, driven by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, leads to global warming, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems.
• Example: The Sundarbans in India, a vital mangrove ecosystem, faces the threat of rising sea levels due to climate change. This impacts biodiversity, including the endangered Bengal tiger. Movements such as the Sundarbans Climate Resistance Campaign work to raise awareness and advocate for sustainable practices.

2. Deforestation:**

• Issue: Widespread deforestation contributes to habitat loss, biodiversity decline, and disruptions in ecosystems. It also plays a role in climate change by reducing the planet's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.
• Example: The Chipko Movement, originating in the 1970s, was a grassroots movement in India where communities hugged (chipko in Hindi) trees to prevent their felling. The movement aimed to protest deforestation and promote sustainable forestry practices.

3. Air Pollution:**

• Issue: Air pollution, primarily caused by industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, and agricultural activities, poses severe health risks and contributes to climate change.
• Example: Delhi, the capital of India, often experiences hazardous levels of air pollution, especially during winter. Movements like "Right to Breathe" advocate for clean air, stricter regulations, and public awareness to address the air quality crisis.

4. Water Scarcity and Pollution:**

• Issue: Rapid urbanization, industrial pollution, and inadequate water management contribute to water scarcity and contamination, affecting both human populations and ecosystems.
• Example: The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a movement against large dams, particularly the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River. The NBA advocates for the rights of local communities, highlighting the environmental and social impacts of dam projects.

5. Biodiversity Loss:**

• Issue: Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, and overexploitation of resources contribute to the loss of biodiversity, threatening various plant and animal species.
• Example: Silent Valley in Kerala witnessed a successful movement in the 1970s against the proposed hydroelectric project that would have threatened the unique biodiversity of the rainforest. The campaign focused on preserving the untouched wilderness of Silent Valley.

6. Waste Management:**

• Issue: Improper waste disposal and excessive use of plastic contribute to pollution of land, water bodies, and marine environments.
• Example: The "Clean India" campaign, also known as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, addresses waste management issues. It emphasizes the importance of proper sanitation, waste reduction, and recycling to create a cleaner and healthier environment.

7. Land Degradation:**

• Issue: Unsustainable agricultural practices, deforestation, and urbanization contribute to soil erosion and degradation, affecting fertility and the ability of the land to support ecosystems.
• Example: The Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka faced threats from iron ore mining. The Save Kudremukh Campaign advocated for the protection of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, leading to restrictions on mining activities.

8. Plastic Pollution:**

• Issue: Excessive use of single-use plastics contributes to pollution in oceans and terrestrial environments, posing threats to wildlife and ecosystems.
• Example: The "Beat Plastic Pollution" movement emphasizes reducing plastic use and promoting responsible waste management. Initiatives like beach clean-ups and awareness campaigns aim to address the plastic pollution crisis.

Conclusion:
Ecological issues affecting mankind today require urgent attention and collective action. Ongoing movements in India and around the world demonstrate the importance of environmental advocacy, sustainable practices, and community involvement. These movements not only raise awareness but also influence policy changes and encourage responsible stewardship of the planet. Addressing ecological challenges requires a holistic approach, involving government initiatives, corporate responsibility, and individual commitment to creating a more sustainable and resilient future.