Adivasi Identity

Introduction

Adivasi is a term used to refer to the indigenous tribal communities of India. The word itself means “original inhabitants” in several Indian languages. Adivasis are diverse, with over 700 tribes recognized by the Indian government, each with its own distinct culture, language, and social practices. They are spread across various regions in India, including the forested areas of central and eastern India, the northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Cultural Identity

Adivasi cultures are rich and varied, deeply connected to their ancestral lands and natural surroundings. Their social structures, rituals, festivals, and art forms are often distinct from mainstream Indian culture. Many tribes have their own languages, which are crucial to their identity. Traditional practices such as hunting, gathering, and shifting cultivation are common, although many Adivasis have adapted to modern agricultural practices.

Political and Social Identity

Adivasis have a unique social identity shaped by their historical and ongoing struggles for land rights, autonomy, and recognition of their cultural heritage. They often face socio-economic challenges, including displacement due to industrialization and conservation projects, lack of access to education and healthcare, and discrimination. Political movements and activism have emerged among Adivasi communities, seeking to assert their rights and preserve their identity.

Legal and Constitutional Identity

In India, Adivasis are officially recognized as “Scheduled Tribes” under the Constitution, which provides them with certain rights and protections. There are specific laws and policies aimed at promoting their welfare and safeguarding their interests, such as the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act and the Forest Rights Act. However, the implementation of these laws often falls short, leading to continued marginalization of Adivasi communities.

Challenges to Adivasi Identity

Adivasi identity is under threat from various quarters. Rapid industrialization, deforestation, and urbanization have led to the loss of traditional lands and livelihoods. There is also a cultural threat from mainstreaming and assimilation policies, which often disregard Adivasi languages and customs. Furthermore, climate change poses a significant risk to their way of life, which is closely tied to the natural environment.

Conclusion

Adivasi identity is a complex interplay of cultural, social, political, and legal factors. Despite facing numerous challenges, Adivasis continue to strive for the recognition and preservation of their unique heritage. Acknowledging and respecting their rights and contributions is essential for the inclusive development of society.

Calculation of the Given Expression

Given the equation \(a^{2}+b^{2}=5ab\), we are tasked with determining the value of the expression \(\left(\frac{a^{2}}{b^{2}}+\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}\right)\).

Step 1: Simplify the Given Relation

Starting with the given equation, we divide both sides by \(ab\) to simplify:

\[
\frac{a^2 + b^2}{ab} = 5
\]

This leads to:

\[
\frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} = 5
\]

Step 2: Square Both Sides

To find the value of \(\left(\frac{a^{2}}{b^{2}}+\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}\right)\), we square both sides of the simplified equation:

\[
\left(\frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a}\right)^2 = 5^2
\]

This yields:

\[
\frac{a^2}{b^2} + 2\left(\frac{a}{b}\cdot\frac{b}{a}\right) + \frac{b^2}{a^2} = 25
\]

Given that \(\frac{a}{b}\cdot\frac{b}{a} = 1\), we simplify further:

\[
\frac{a^2}{b^2} + \frac{b^2}{a^2} + 2 = 25
\]

Step 3: Isolate the Target Expression

Subtracting 2 from both sides to isolate the expression gives us:

\[
\frac{a^2}{b^2} + \frac{b^2}{a^2} = 25 – 2 = 23
\]

Conclusion

Therefore, the value of the expression \(\left(\frac{a^{2}}{b^{2}}+\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}\right)\) is \(\textbf{23}\), making the correct answer:

(c) \(\textbf{23}\)

This solution methodically derives the value of the given expression by leveraging the initial condition and algebraic manipulation, leading to a clear and logical conclusion.

Calculation of Water Levels in Jars with Different Capacities

This problem presents a scenario where equal volumes of water are introduced into two jars of distinct capacities. Here’s a breakdown of the situation and the outcome when the water from one jar is transferred to the other.

Initial Setup

– Larger Jar: When filled with a certain volume of water, it reaches \(\frac{1}{4}\) of its full capacity.
– Smaller Jar: The same volume of water fills this jar to \(\frac{1}{3}\) of its capacity, indicating its smaller size compared to the larger jar.

Transfer Process and Outcome

Upon transferring the water from the smaller jar (which is \(\frac{1}{3}\) full) into the larger jar (\(\frac{1}{4}\) full), we aim to understand how the water level changes in the larger jar.

– Observation: Since the initial amounts of water in both jars are equal, transferring the water from the smaller jar to the larger one effectively doubles the amount of water in the larger jar.

– Mathematical Representation: The act of pouring water from the smaller jar doubles the water volume in the larger jar, leading to the equation \(2 \times \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1}{2}\).

Conclusion

Therefore, after the water from the smaller jar is poured into it, the larger jar becomes \(\frac{1}{2}\) full.

To find the three consecutive odd numbers whose sum is 1383, let’s denote the smallest of these numbers as \(n\), the next one as \(n + 2\), and the largest as \(n + 4\) (since odd numbers differ by 2).

The sum of these numbers is given as:
\[n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) = 1383\]

Simplifying, we get:
\[3n + 6 = 1383\]

Subtracting 6 from both sides:
\[3n = 1377\]

Dividing by 3:
\[n = 459\]

So, the three consecutive odd numbers are 459, 461, and 463. The largest number among them is \(463\).

Therefore, the correct answer is (a) 463.

Given the constraint that the sum of the number and its reversed form is 888 and focusing on the clue that the units digit in the sum scenario must add up to 8, we look directly at the options provided:

– (a) 339: The sum of 3 and 9 does not lead to an end digit of 8 in the sum.
– (b) 341: The sum of 1 and 4 does not lead to an end digit of 8 in the sum.
– (c) 378: The sum of 8 and 7 does not directly address the end digit sum condition.
– (d) 345: When 345 is added to its reverse 543, the unit digits 5 and 3 indeed add up to 8, meeting the immediate condition.

The specific insight about the unit’s digits adding up to 8 being satisfied only by option (d) “345” (since \(3+5=8\)) simplifies the approach significantly. However, to validate this option fully in the context of the entire problem:

– If the original number is 345 and its reverse is 543, their sum is indeed 888 (\(345 + 543 = 888\)), which satisfies one of the problem’s conditions.
– The second condition mentioned is that swapping the unit’s and ten’s digit of the original number results in a number that is 9 more than the original. Swapping the units and tens digit of 345 gives 354, which is indeed 9 more than 345 (\(354 – 345 = 9\)).

Therefore, considering both conditions and the insight provided about the sum leading to the last digits adding up to 8, the correct number is indeed option (d) **345**. This choice fulfills both specified conditions of the problem: the sum with its reversed form equals 888, and swapping the tens and units digits results in a number that is 9 more than the original.