Home/ Himanshu Kulshreshtha/Answers
  1. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    How is information different from knowledge? Explain how knowledge can be generated, with the help of an example. Define the terms – quality of information and value of information.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Information refers to data that has been organized or processed to convey meaning, while knowledge is the understanding and awareness derived from information through interpretation, analysis, and experience. Knowledge can be generated through various processes such as: Observation: Gathering informRead more

    Information refers to data that has been organized or processed to convey meaning, while knowledge is the understanding and awareness derived from information through interpretation, analysis, and experience.

    Knowledge can be generated through various processes such as:

    1. Observation: Gathering information through direct observation or experience.
    2. Inquiry: Asking questions, conducting research, and seeking answers to gain understanding.
    3. Experimentation: Testing hypotheses and theories to validate or refute assumptions.
    4. Collaboration: Sharing information and insights with others to build collective knowledge.

    For example, in scientific research, knowledge is generated through observation, experimentation, and collaboration among researchers, leading to new discoveries and advancements.

    The quality of information refers to its accuracy, reliability, relevance, and completeness, while the value of information is determined by its usefulness in decision-making, problem-solving, or achieving objectives.

    See less
    • 0
  2. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    What is need of Network Security? Explain its different elements of Network Security.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Network security is essential to protect data, systems, and infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, and disruption. It ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information on a network, safeguarding against threats such as malware, hackers, and data breaches. Elements of NetwRead more

    Network security is essential to protect data, systems, and infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, and disruption. It ensures confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information on a network, safeguarding against threats such as malware, hackers, and data breaches.

    Elements of Network Security:

    1. Firewalls: Monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic, filtering based on predetermined security rules.

    2. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Monitor network traffic for suspicious activities or patterns that may indicate unauthorized access or attacks.

    3. Encryption: Protects data by converting it into a code that can only be deciphered with the appropriate decryption key.

    4. Access Control: Limits access to network resources based on user credentials, roles, and permissions.

    5. Antivirus Software: Detects, prevents, and removes malware infections on devices connected to the network.

    6. Virtual Private Network (VPN): Establishes secure, encrypted connections over public networks, ensuring data confidentiality and privacy.

    These elements work together to establish a robust network security posture, mitigating risks and vulnerabilities.

    See less
    • 0
  4. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    What is computer virus? Explain any two types of virus attack.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    A computer virus is a malicious software program designed to replicate itself and spread to other computers, often causing harm or stealing information. Types of Virus Attacks: File Infector Virus: Description: Attaches itself to executable files (e.g., .exe, .com files). When the infected file is rRead more

    A computer virus is a malicious software program designed to replicate itself and spread to other computers, often causing harm or stealing information.

    Types of Virus Attacks:

    1. File Infector Virus:

      • Description: Attaches itself to executable files (e.g., .exe, .com files). When the infected file is run, the virus activates, spreading to other files.
      • Effect: Can corrupt files, disrupt programs, and potentially spread to other systems via file sharing.

    2. Boot Sector Virus:

      • Description: Infects the master boot record (MBR) of a hard disk or removable storage device.
      • Effect: Loads into memory during system boot, making it difficult to detect and remove. It can prevent the system from booting properly and spread when infected media is used on other systems.

    These viruses disrupt normal computer operations, causing data loss, system failures, and security breaches.

    See less
    • 0
  5. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    What is network topology? Explain star and bus topology with the help of suitable diagrams.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Network topology refers to the arrangement of different elements (links, nodes, etc.) in a computer network. It defines how various network devices are connected and how data is transmitted. Star Topology: Description: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Advantages: Easy to installRead more

    Network topology refers to the arrangement of different elements (links, nodes, etc.) in a computer network. It defines how various network devices are connected and how data is transmitted.

    Star Topology:

    • Description: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.
    • Advantages: Easy to install and manage; failure of one device doesn’t affect the others.
    • Disadvantages: Central hub failure can bring down the entire network.
    • Diagram: 
              Device
           |
    Device - Hub/Switch - Device
           |
        Device

    Bus Topology:

    • Description: All devices are connected to a single central cable, the bus.
    • Advantages: Easy to implement and requires less cable.
    • Disadvantages: A cable break can disable the entire network; limited cable length and number of devices.
    • Diagram: 
      Device --- Device --- Device --- Device
         (Bus/Cable)

    These diagrams represent the basic layout and connections of devices in star and bus topologies.

    See less
    • 0
  7. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    Explain following network devices: i. Bridge ii. Hub ii. Switch iv. Router

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    i. Bridge: A bridge connects and filters traffic between two or more network segments, operating at the data link layer (Layer 2). It reduces network traffic by dividing a large network into smaller segments and only forwarding necessary data. ii. Hub: A hub is a basic networking device that connectRead more

    i. Bridge: A bridge connects and filters traffic between two or more network segments, operating at the data link layer (Layer 2). It reduces network traffic by dividing a large network into smaller segments and only forwarding necessary data.

    ii. Hub: A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple computers in a network, operating at the physical layer (Layer 1). It broadcasts incoming data to all ports, leading to potential collisions and inefficiencies.

    iii. Switch: A switch connects devices within a network and operates at the data link layer (Layer 2). It intelligently forwards data to the specific device based on MAC addresses, reducing collisions and improving network efficiency.

    iv. Router: A router directs data between different networks, operating at the network layer (Layer 3). It uses IP addresses to determine the best path for data to travel, enabling communication between different networks and managing traffic efficiently.

    See less
    • 0
  8. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    Differentiate between asynchronous and synchronous mode of data transmission.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission are methods of transferring data between devices. Asynchronous Transmission: Timing: Data is sent at irregular intervals with start and stop bits. Synchronization: Each byte is independently synchronized with start (usually a 0 bit) and stop (usually aRead more

    Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission are methods of transferring data between devices.

    Asynchronous Transmission:

    • Timing: Data is sent at irregular intervals with start and stop bits.
    • Synchronization: Each byte is independently synchronized with start (usually a 0 bit) and stop (usually a 1 bit) bits.
    • Efficiency: Lower efficiency due to extra bits for synchronization.
    • Example: Serial communication in keyboard data transfer.

    Synchronous Transmission:

    • Timing: Data is sent at regular intervals, synchronized by a clock signal.
    • Synchronization: Continuous stream of data with synchronization handled by the clock signal.
    • Efficiency: Higher efficiency since no start and stop bits are required.
    • Example: Network communication like Ethernet.

    Key Differences:

    • Asynchronous uses start/stop bits for each byte, while synchronous relies on a continuous clock signal.
    • Synchronous is more efficient and suitable for high-speed data transfer.
    See less
    • 0
  10. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    Write a C program for finding the largest number among the four given numbers.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Here's a simple C program to find the largest number among four given numbers: #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num1, num2, num3, num4, largest; // Input four numbers printf("Enter four numbers: "); scanf("%d %d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3, &num4); // Assume the first nRead more

    Here's a simple C program to find the largest number among four given numbers:

    #include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int num1, num2, num3, num4, largest;

    // Input four numbers
    printf("Enter four numbers: ");
    scanf("%d %d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3, &num4);

    // Assume the first number is the largest
    largest = num1;

    // Compare with the second number
    if (num2 > largest) {
        largest = num2;
    }

    // Compare with the third number
    if (num3 > largest) {
        largest = num3;
    }

    // Compare with the fourth number
    if (num4 > largest) {
        largest = num4;
    }

    // Print the largest number
    printf("The largest number is: %d\n", largest);

    return 0;
}

    This program reads four integers from the user, compares them to determine the largest, and prints the result.

    See less
    • 0
  11. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    What is a Flowchart? Explain use of different symbols in drawing of Flowchart with the help of an example.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    A flowchart is a visual representation of the steps in a process, showing the sequence of actions using symbols. It helps in understanding, analyzing, and designing processes. Common symbols include: Oval: Start/End of the process. Rectangle: A process or operation. Diamond: Decision point, branchinRead more

    A flowchart is a visual representation of the steps in a process, showing the sequence of actions using symbols. It helps in understanding, analyzing, and designing processes.

    Common symbols include:

    1. Oval: Start/End of the process.
    2. Rectangle: A process or operation.
    3. Diamond: Decision point, branching based on a condition.
    4. Parallelogram: Input/Output operations.
    5. Arrow: Flow direction from one step to another.

    Example: Flowchart for making a cup of tea.

    1. Start (Oval): Begin the process.
    2. Boil Water (Rectangle): Heat water.
    3. Add Tea Leaves (Rectangle): Put tea leaves into the teapot.
    4. Water Boiled? (Diamond): Check if water is boiling.
      • Yes: Proceed to the next step.
      • No: Go back to boiling water.
    5. Pour Water (Rectangle): Pour boiling water into the teapot.
    6. Steep Tea (Rectangle): Let tea steep for a few minutes.
    7. Pour Tea (Parallelogram): Serve tea in a cup.
    8. End (Oval): Process complete.

    This flowchart illustrates the sequential steps and decision-making involved in making tea.

    See less
    • 0
  13. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    What is Software? Differentiate between System Software and Application Software.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks. It is categorized into: System Software: Manages hardware and basic system operations. Examples include operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs. It enables the functioning of application softRead more

    Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks. It is categorized into:

    1. System Software: Manages hardware and basic system operations. Examples include operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs. It enables the functioning of application software and hardware coordination.

    2. Application Software: Performs specific user-oriented tasks. Examples include word processors (Microsoft Word), web browsers (Google Chrome), and games. It relies on system software to operate and directly assists users in accomplishing tasks.

    See less
    • 0
  14. Asked: May 22, 2024In:

    Briefly explain different types of computer memory.

    Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Computer memory is categorized into primary and secondary memory: Primary Memory: RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for temporary data storage while a computer is on. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory storing essential system instructions; not writable. Secondary Memory: HarRead more

    Computer memory is categorized into primary and secondary memory:

    1. Primary Memory:

      • RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for temporary data storage while a computer is on.
      • ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory storing essential system instructions; not writable.

    2. Secondary Memory:

      • Hard Drives (HDD): Magnetic storage with large capacity for long-term data storage.
      • Solid State Drives (SSD): Faster, flash-based storage with no moving parts.
      • Optical Discs (CD/DVD/Blu-ray): Laser-read discs for data storage and media distribution.
      • USB Flash Drives: Portable, flash-based storage for easy data transfer.
    See less
    • 0